Iodised salt (also spelled In the early 18th century, English spelling was not standardized. Differences became noticeable after the publishing of influential dictionaries. Current British English spellings follow, for the most part, those of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language , whereas many American English spellings follow Noah Webster's An American iodized salt) is table salt Salt is a dietary mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride that is essential for animal life, but can be toxic to many land plants. Salt flavor is one of the basic tastes, making salt one of the oldest, most ubiquitous food seasonings. Salting is an important method of food preservation mixed with a minute amount of various iodine-containing salts. The ingestion of iodide prevents iodine deficiency Iodine is an essential trace element; the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodotyronine contain iodine. In areas where there is little iodine in the diet—typically remote inland areas where no marine foods are eaten—iodine deficiency gives rise to goiter , as well as cretinism, which results in developmental delays and other health problems. Worldwide, iodine deficiency affects about two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation Mental retardation is a generalized disorder, characterized by significantly impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors with onset before the age of 18. It has historically been defined as an Intelligence Quotient score under 70. Once focused almost entirely on cognition, the definition now includes both a.[1] It also causes thyroid In vertebrate anatomy, the thyroid gland or simply, the thyroid, is one of the largest endocrine glands in the body, and is not to be confused with the "parathyroid glands" . The thyroid gland is found in the neck, inferior to (below) the thyroid cartilage (also known as the 'Adam's Apple') and at approximately the same level as the gland problems, including endemic goitre A goitre or goiter , also called a bronchocele, is a swelling in the thyroid gland, which can lead to a swelling of the neck or larynx (voice box). Goitre usually occurs when the thyroid gland is not functioning properly. In many countries, iodine deficiency is a major public health problem that can be cheaply addressed by iodisation of salt.
Iodine is a micronutrient Micronutrients are nutrients needed throughout life in small quantities. They are dietary minerals needed by the human body in very small quantities as opposed to macrominerals which are required in larger quantities. The Microminerals or trace elements include at least iron, cobalt, chromium, copper, iodine, manganese, selenium, zinc and that is naturally present in the food supply in many regions. However, where natural levels of iodine in the soil Soil is a natural body consisting of layers of mineral constituents of variable thicknesses, which differ from the parent materials in their morphological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics are low and the iodine is not taken up by vegetables, iodine added to salt provides the small but essential amount needed by humans.
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Chemistry, biochemistry and nutritional aspects
Four inorganic compounds are used as iodide sources, depending on the producer: potassium iodate Potassium iodate is an oxidizing agent and as such it can cause fires if in contact with combustible materials or reducing agents. It can be prepared by reacting a potassium-containing base such as potassium hydroxide with iodic acid, for example:, potassium iodide Potassium iodide is an inorganic compound with formula K , sodium iodate It can also be prepared by adding iodine to a hot, concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide or its carbonate:, and sodium iodide Sodium iodide is a white, crystalline salt with chemical formula Na . Any of these compounds supplies the body with its iodine required for the biosynthesis of thyroxine Thyroxine, or 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine , a form of thyroid hormones is the major hormone secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination and covalent bonding of the phenyl portions of tyrosine residues found in an initial peptide, thyroglobulin, which is secreted into thyroid granules. These (T4) and triiodothyronine Production of T3 and its prohormone thyroxine is activated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is released from the pituitary gland. This pathway is regulated via a closed-loop feedback process: Elevated concentrations of T3, and T4 in the blood plasma inhibit the production of TSH in the pituitary gland. As concentrations of these (T3) hormones by the thyroid gland. Animals also benefit from iodine supplements, and the hydrogen iodide derivative of ethylenediamine Ethylenediamine is the organic compound with the formula C2H4(NH2)2. This colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor is a strongly basic amine. It is a widely used building block in chemical synthesis, with approximately 500,000,000 kg being produced in 1998 is the main supplement to livestock feed.[2]
Edible salt Salt is a mineral that is composed primarily of sodium chloride. It is essential for animal life in small quantities, but is harmful to animals and plants in excess. Salt flavor is one of the basic tastes, making salt one of the oldest, most ubiquitous food seasonings. Salting is an important method of food preservation can be iodised by spraying it with a potassium iodate Potassium iodate is an oxidizing agent and as such it can cause fires if in contact with combustible materials or reducing agents. It can be prepared by reacting a potassium-containing base such as potassium hydroxide with iodic acid, for example: solution. Two ounces of potassium iodate, costing about USD$1.15 (in 2006), are required to iodise a ton of salt.[1] Salt is an effective vehicle for distributing iodine to the public because it does not spoil and is consumed by everyone in the population in fairly predictable amounts.[3]
In public health initiatives
Worldwide, iodine deficiency Iodine is an essential trace element; the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodotyronine contain iodine. In areas where there is little iodine in the diet—typically remote inland areas where no marine foods are eaten—iodine deficiency gives rise to goiter , as well as cretinism, which results in developmental delays and other health problems affects two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation Mental retardation is a generalized disorder, characterized by significantly impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors with onset before the age of 18. It has historically been defined as an Intelligence Quotient score under 70. Once focused almost entirely on cognition, the definition now includes both a.[1] According to public health experts, iodisation of salt may be the world's simplest and most cost-effective measure available to improve health, only costing USD$0.05 per person per year.[1] At the World Summit for Children in 1990, a goal was set to eliminate iodine deficiency by 2000. At that time, 25% of households consumed iodised salt, a proportion that increased to 66% by 2006.[1]
Salt producers are often, although not always, supportive of government initiatives to iodise edible salt supplies. Opposition to iodisation comes from small salt producers who are concerned about the added expense, private makers of iodine pills, concerns about promoting salt intake, and unfounded rumours that iodisation causes AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. HIV is transmitted through direct or other illnesses.[1] Iodisation programmes are more likely to be successful in areas where most edible salt is produced by a small number of large companies, as opposed to hundreds of smaller companies.
The United States ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language Food and Drug Administration The Food and Drug Administration is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments, responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter recommends[4] 150 micrograms In the metric system, a microgram is a unit of mass equal to 1/1,000,000 of a gram (1 × 10–6), or 1/1000 of a milligram. It is one of the smallest units of mass (or weight) commonly used. The abbreviation µg conforms to the International System of Units and is often used in scientific literature, but the United States-based JCAHO recommends of iodine per day for both men and women.
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is one of the six independent Turkic states. It is located in Eurasia and ranked as the ninth largest country in the world. It is also ranked the world's largest landlocked country, its territory of 2,727,300 km² is greater than Western Europe. It is neighbored clockwise from the north by Russia,, a country in Central Asia in which local food supplies seldom contain sufficient iodine, has drastically reduced iodine deficiency through salt iodisation programmes. Campaigns by the government and non-profit organisations to educate the public about the benefits of iodised salt began in the mid 1990s, with iodisation of edible salt becoming legally mandatory in 2002.[1]
United States
In the U.S. in the early 20th century, goiter A goitre or goiter , also called a bronchocele, is a swelling in the thyroid gland, which can lead to a swelling of the neck or larynx (voice box). Goitre usually occurs when the thyroid gland is not functioning properly was especially prevalent in the region around the Great Lakes The Great Lakes are a collection of freshwater seas located in eastern North America, on the Canada – United States border. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron , Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total surface and volume. The total surface is 208,610 km2 (80,545 sq mi), and the total volume and the Pacific Northwest The Pacific Northwest is a region in western North America, bound by the Pacific Ocean to the west. Always included are the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon, and the Canadian province of British Columbia. Southeast Alaska, Idaho, western Montana and northern California are often included.[5] David Murray Cowie, a professor of pediatrics Pediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. The upper age limit of such patients ranges from age 12 to 21. A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician. The word pediatrics and its cognates mean healer of children; they derive from two Greek words: π at the University of Michigan The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor is a public research university located in the state of Michigan in the United States. It is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus of the University of Michigan. It also includes two regional campuses in Flint and Dearborn, led the U.S. to adopt the Swiss Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation (Confœderatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe[note 4] where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to practice of adding sodium iodide Sodium iodide is a white, crystalline salt with chemical formula Na or potassium iodide Potassium iodide is an inorganic compound with formula K to table and cooking salt. On May 1, 1924, iodised salt was sold commercially in Michigan Michigan is the eighth most populous state in the United States. It has the longest freshwater shoreline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair. In 2005, Michigan ranked third among US states for the number of registered recreational boats, behind California and Florida.[6] By the fall of 1924, Morton Salt Company began distributing iodised salt nationally.
South Africa
The South African Government instructed that all salt for sale was to be iodised after 1 December 1995. [7] [8]
See also
- History of salt Salt's ability to preserve food was a foundation of civilization. It eliminated the dependence on the seasonal availability of food and it allowed travel over long distances. It was also a desirable food seasoning. However, salt was difficult to obtain, and so it was a highly valued trade item, which followed the pull of economics along salt roads
- Basil Hetzel
- Enriched flour serves an analogous function to "enriched salt."
- Water fluoridation Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay. Fluoridated water has fluoride at a level that is effective for preventing cavities; this can occur naturally or by adding fluoride. Fluoridated water operates on tooth surfaces: in the mouth it creates low levels of fluoride in saliva, which, a similar public health intervention.
- Iodine Iodine , from Greek: ιώδης iodes, meaning violet or purple, is a chemical element that has the symbol I and the atomic number 53 is a trace element In analytical chemistry, a trace element is an element in a sample that has an average concentration of less than 100 parts per million measured in atomic count, or less than 100 micrograms per gram, an essential dietary component in the same way as vitamins A vitamin is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism. In other words, an organic chemical compound is called a vitamin when it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet. Thus, the term is conditional both on the circumstances and the particular organism. For.
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g McNeil, Donald G. Jr (2006-12-16). "In Raising the World’s I.Q., the Secret’s in the Salt". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/16/health/16iodine.html?fta=y. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
- ^ Phyllis A. Lyday "Iodine and Iodine Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1002/14356007.a14_381
- ^ Willyard, Cassandra (June 2008). "Salt of the Earth: The public health community employs a mineral to fight infectious disease". Geotimes. American Geological Institute.. http://www.geotimes.org/june08/article.html?id=feature_salt.html. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
- ^ 2005 CFR Title 21, Volume 2
- ^ Markel, When in Rains it Pours, p. 220
- ^ McClure RD (October 1935). "GOITER PROPHYLAXIS WITH IODIZED SALT". Science (New York, N.Y.) 82 (2129): 370–371. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1126/science.82.2129.370. PMID A PMID is a unique number assigned to each PubMed citation of life sciences and biomedical scientific journal articles. The related Pubmed Central archive may additionally assign a separate number, a PMCID (PubMed Central Identifier), normally written with a PMC prefix 17796701. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17796701. Retrieved 2010-02-06.
- ^ http://www.cerebos.co.za/IodationHints.aspx
- ^ http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1732067
References
- Markel, Howard. (1987) When It Rains It Pours: Endemic Goiter, Iodized Salt, and David Murray Cowie MD. American Journal of Public Health, vol. 77 , pp. 219-229.
- 21 CFR 101.9 (c)(8)(iv)
- Newton County - Encyclopedia of Arkansas
External links
Categories: Edible salt | Iodine | History of medicine All human societies have medical beliefs - birth, death, disease and cures are explained in some manner. Historically, throughout the history of medicine world illness has often been attributed to witchcraft, demons or the will of the gods, ideas that still retain some power, even in 'modern' societies, with faith healing and shrines still common | History of salt | Endocrinology Endocrinology is the field of medicine that diagnoses and treats diseases of the endocrine organs or dysregulation of hormone homeostasis
ReliefWeb (press release)
For instance, Malawi's political commitment has led to the highest coverage of treatment of malnutrition and reduced mortality, in Laos iodized salt helped ...
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rabyrw
hu, 06 Aug 2009 03:40:00 GM
Iodized salt. is like a super cleaner, and if you got some of that in your mouth it would probably get inside you and start eating away all of your cells, because that's what ions do.
Q. My husband has hereditary low BP. I am wondering if the iodine in the enormous amount of salt that he eats could be dangerous for him.
Asked by Cory D - Sat Sep 19 22:42:30 2009 - - 1 Answers - 0 Comments
A. too much salt is bad for your body and can cause many health issues. usually one would have High Bp with a high sodium diet. iodized sea salt if a little bit better overall for your body, but should still be used in small quantities.
Answered by Lisa - Sat Sep 19 22:54:20 2009
