In nutrition Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet, diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system . In at least some form, all organisms are capable of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homoeostasis as a stable whole. An organism may either be unicellular (single-celled) or be composed of, as in humans, many trillions of cells grouped into.[1] Dietary habits are the habitual decisions an individual or culture makes when choosing what foods to eat. With the word diet, it is often implied the use of specific intake of nutrition Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet for health or weight-management reasons (with the two often being related). Although humans are omnivores Omnivores are species that eat both plants and animals as their primary food source. They are opportunistic, general feeders not specifically adapted to eat and digest either meat or plant material primarily. Pigs are one well-known example of an omnivore. Crows are another example of an omnivore that many people see every day. Humans are regarded, each culture and each person holds some food preferences or some food taboos, due to personal tastes or due to ethical reasons. Individual dietary choices may be more or less healthful. Proper nutrition requires the proper ingestion and equally important, the absorption of vitamins A vitamin is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism. In other words, an organic chemical compound is called a vitamin when it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet. Thus, the term is conditional both on the circumstances and the particular organism. For, minerals A mineral is a naturally occurring solid chemical substance that is formed through geological processes and that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties. By comparison, a rock is an aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids and does not have a specific chemical composition, and food energy Food energy is the amount of energy obtained from food that is available through cellular respiration in the form of carbohydrates A carbohydrate is an organic compound with the general formula Cmn, that is, consists only of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, with the last two in the 2:1 atom ratio. Carbohydrates can be viewed as hydrates of carbon, hence their name. Structurally however, it is more accurate to view them as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones, proteins Proteins are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and folded into a globular form. The amino acids in a polymer are joined together by the peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded, and fats Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water. Chemically, fats are generally triesters of glycerol and fatty acids. Fats may be either solid or liquid at room temperature, depending on their structure and composition. Although the words "oils", "fats",. Dietary habits and choices play a significant role in health At the time of the creation of the World Health Organization , in 1948, health was defined as being "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" and mortality Death is the termination of the biological functions that define a living organism. The word refers both to a particular process and to the condition that results thereby. The nature of the latter has been for millennia a central concern of the world's religious traditions and of philosophical enquiry. Belief in some kind of afterlife or rebirth, and can also define cultures and play a role in religion Religion is the belief in and worship of a god or gods, or in general a set of beliefs explaining the existence of and giving meaning to the universe, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs.
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Traditional diet
"Traditional diet" is the diets of native populations such as the Native Americans The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian inhabitants of North, Central, and South America, their descendants, and many ethnic groups who identify with those peoples. They are often also referred to as Native Americans, Aboriginals, First Nations , Amerigine[dubious – discuss], and by Christopher Columbus' geographical and, Khoisan Khoisan is a unifying name for two major ethnic groups of Southern Africa. Historically, they have been referred to as the Capoid race because they can be visually distinguished from most other sub-Saharan Africans by way of their relatively lighter skin color and their epicanthic folds. From the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period, hunting or Australian Aborigines Australian Aborigines (pronounced /æbəˈrɪdʒɨni/ , aka Aboriginal Australians) are a class of people who are identified by Australian law as being members of a race indigenous to the Australian continent. Often, to qualify for cultural cuisine, traditional diets include more organic farming Organic farming is the form of agriculture that relies on crop rotation, green manure, compost, biological pest control, and mechanical cultivation to maintain soil productivity and control pests, excluding or strictly limiting the use of synthetic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides, plant growth regulators, livestock antibiotics, food additives, and seasonal food Seasonality of food refers to the times of year when a given type food is at its peak, either in terms of harvest or its flavour. This is usually the time when the item is the cheapest and the freshest on the market. The food's peak time in terms of harvest usually coincides with when its flavour is at its best. There are some exceptions; an according to food origins Food origins play a role in nutrition and sustainability as foods with common geological origins have a greater tendency to survive and be valued by the locals. Importance in food therapy is also involved, as allergies to certain foods can be attributed to race. In this way it's a part of the local food movement. An example would be lactose.
Traditional diets vary with availability of local resources, such as fish A fish is any aquatic vertebrate animal that is covered with scales, and equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins. Most fish are "cold-blooded", or ectothermic, allowing their body temperatures to vary as ambient temperatures change. Fish are abundant in most bodies of water. They can be found in nearly all aquatic in coastal towns, eels Eels are an order of fish, which consists of four suborders, 19 families, 110 genera and approximately 800 species. Most eels are predators. The term "eel" is also used for some other similarly shaped fish, such as electric eels and spiny eels, but these are not members of the Anguilliformes order and eggs An egg is a spheroid or ovoid shaped cell laid by females of many different species, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Eggs have been eaten by mankind for millennia. Bird eggs consist of a protective eggshell, albumen (egg white), and vitellus (egg yolk), contained within various thin membranes in estuary settlements, or squash Squashes generally refer to four species of the genus Cucurbita native to Mexico and Central America, also called marrows depending on variety or the nationality of the speaker. These species include C. maxima , C. mixta (cushaw squash), C. moschata (butternut squash), and C. pepo (most pumpkins, acorn squash, summer squash, zucchini). In North, corn Maize is a grass domesticated by indigenous peoples in Mesoamerica in prehistoric times. The Aztecs and Mayans cultivated it in numerous varieties throughout central and southern Mexico, to cook or grind in a process called nixtamalization. Later the crop spread through much of the Americas. Between 1250 A.D. and 1700 A.D. nearly the whole and beans Bean is a common name for large plant seeds of several genera of the family Fabaceae used for human food or animal feed in farming Agriculture is the production of food and goods through farming. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of human civilization, with the husbandry of domesticated animals and plants creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more densely populated and stratified societies. The study of agriculture is known as towns A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size a settlement must be in order to be called a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world, so that, for example, many American "small towns" seem to British people to be no more than villages, while many British "small towns&, as well as with cultural Culture is a term that has different meanings. For example, in 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of "culture" in Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. However, the word "culture" is most commonly used in three basic senses: and religious Religion is the belief in and worship of a god or gods, or in general a set of beliefs explaining the existence of and giving meaning to the universe, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs customs A convention is a set of agreed, stipulated or generally accepted standards, norms, social norms or criteria, often taking the form of a custom and taboos A taboo is a strong social prohibition relating to any area of human activity or social custom that is sacred and forbidden based on moral judgment and sometimes even religious beliefs. Breaking the taboo is usually considered objectionable or abhorrent by society. The term comes from the Tongan word tabu, meaning set apart or forbidden, and. In some cases, the crops Agriculture is the production of food and goods through farming. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of human civilization, with the husbandry of domesticated animals and plants creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more densely populated and stratified societies. The study of agriculture is known as and domestic animals This is a list of animals that have been domesticated by humans . The list includes species or larger formal and informal zoological categories that include at least some domesticated individuals that characterize a traditional diet have been replaced by modern high-yield crops, and are no longer available.[2] The slow food Slow Food is an international movement founded by Carlo Petrini in 1986. It strives to preserve traditional and regional cuisine and promotes farming of plants, seeds and livestock characteristic of the local ecosystem. It was the first established part of the broader Slow movement. The movement has since expanded globally to over 100,000 members movement attempts to counter this trend and to preserve traditional diets.
Religious and cultural dietary choices
Some cultures and religions have restrictions concerning what foods are acceptable in their diet. For example, only Kosher foods Kashrut is the set of Jewish dietary laws. Food in accord with halakha (Jewish law) is termed kosher in English, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér (כָּשֵׁר), meaning "fit" (in this context, fit for consumption by Jews according to traditional Jewish law). Food that is not in accordance with Jewish law is are permitted by Judaism Judaism is the "religion, philosophy, and way of life" of the Jewish people. Judaism, originating in the Hebrew Bible and explored in later texts such as the Talmud, is considered by Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship God developed with the Children of Israel. According to traditional Rabbinic Judaism, God revealed, and Halal foods Halal is a term designating any object or an action which is permissible to use or engage in, according to Islamic law. It is the opposite of haraam. The term is used to designate food seen as permissible according to Islamic law (Sharia, الشريعة الإسلامية) by Islam Islam (Arabic: الإسلام al-’islām, pronounced [ʔislæːm] [note 1]) is the monotheistic religion articulated by the Qur’an, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of their one, incomparable God (Arabic: الله, Allāh), and by the Prophet of Islam Muhammad's teachings and normative example (in Arabic called.
Diet and life outcomes
A three-decade long study published in the British medical journal, The Lancet The Lancet is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal. It is one of the world's best known, oldest, and most respected general medical journals. The Lancet was founded in 1823 by Thomas Wakley, an English surgeon who named it after the surgical instrument called a lancet, as well as after the term "lancet arch", a window with a, found that Guatemalan men who had been well-fed soon after they were born earned almost 50% more in average salary than those who had not. The blind trial A randomized controlled trial is a type of scientific experiment most commonly used in testing the efficacy or effectiveness of healthcare services (such as medicine or nursing) or health technologies (such as pharmaceuticals, medical devices or surgery). RCTs involve the random allocation of different interventions (treatments or conditions) to was performed by giving a high-nutrition supplement to some infants and a lower-nutrition supplement to others, with only the researchers knowing which infants received which supplements. The infants that received the high-nutrition supplement had higher average salaries as adults [3].
Individual dietary choices
Writers such as Michael Pollan Michael Pollan is an American author, journalist, activist, and professor of journalism at the University of California, Berkeley and Mark Bittman[4] urge reduced animal consumption in the developed world for improved health and reduced impact on the environment. Many people choose to forgo food from animal sources to varying degrees (vegetarianism Vegetarianism is the practice of following a plant-based diet including fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, nuts, and seeds, with or without dairy products and eggs. A vegetarian does not eat meat, including red meat, game, poultry, fish, crustacea, and shellfish, and may also abstain from by-products of animal slaughter such as animal-derived, veganism Veganism is a philosophy and lifestyle whose adherents seek to exclude the use of animals for food, clothing, or any other purpose. Vegans endeavor not to use or consume animal products of any kind. The most common reasons for becoming a vegan are human health, ethical commitment or moral conviction concerning animal rights or welfare, the, fruitarianism Fruitarianism is the practice endorsed by people called fruitarians or fructarians of following a diet that comprises fruits, nuts and seeds, without animal products, vegetables and grains. Fruitarianism is a subset of veganism) for health reasons, or issues surrounding morality, or to reduce their personal impact on the environment. Raw foodism Raw foodism is a lifestyle promoting the consumption of uncooked, unprocessed, and often organic foods as a large percentage of the diet is another contemporary trend. These diets may require tuning or supplementation to meet ordinary nutritional needs.
Economic influence
In addition to culture, religion, and personal choices, diet is also influenced by economics. Throughout history and in contemporary life, poverty is often associated with the inability to afford meat, or with malnutrition Malnutrition is the insufficient, excessive or imbalanced consumption of nutrients. A number of different nutrition disorders may arise, depending on which nutrients are under or overabundant in the diet.
Diets for weight management
Main articles: Dieting Dieting is the practice of ingesting food in a regulated fashion to achieve or maintain a controlled weight. In most cases dieting is used in combination with physical exercise to lose weight in those who are overweight or obese. Some athletes however aspire to gain weight . Diets can also be used to maintain a stable body weight and Diet food Diet food refers to any food or drink whose recipe has been altered in some way to make it part of a body modification diet. Although the usual intention is weight loss and change in body type, sometimes the intention is to aid in gaining weight or muscle as in bodybuilding supplementsA particular diet may be chosen to seek weight loss or weight gain. Changing a subject's dietary intake, or "going on a diet", can change the energy balance and increase or decrease the amount of fat stored by the body. Some foods are specifically recommended, or even altered, for conformity to the requirements of a particular diet. These diets are often recommended in conjunction with exercise Physical exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health or wellness. It is performed for various reasons. These include strengthening muscles and the cardiovascular system, honing athletic skills, weight loss or maintenance and for enjoyment. Frequent and regular physical exercise boosts the immune. Specific weight loss programs can be harmful to health, while others may be beneficial (and can thus be coined as healthy diets). The terms healthy diet and diet for weight management are often related, as the two promote healthy weight management.
Eating disorders
An eating disorder Eating disorders are a group of conditions characterized by abnormal eating habits that may involve either insufficient or excessive food intake to the detriment of an individual's physical and emotional health, binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa being the most common specific forms in the United States, Primarily thought of is a mental disorder that interferes with normal food consumption. Eating disorders often affect people with a negative body image.
Health
Main article: Healthy dietA healthy diet is one that is arrived at with the intent of improving or maintaining optimal health. This usually involves consuming nutrients by eating the appropriate amounts from all of the food groups, including an adequate amount of water.[5][6][7] Since human nutrition is complex, a healthy diet may vary widely, and is subject to an individual's genetic makeup, environment, and health. For around 20% of the human population, lack of food and malnutrition are the main impediments to healthy eating.[citation needed] Conversely, people in developed countries have the opposite problem; they are more concerned about obesity.[citation needed]
Diet table
| Food Type | Carnivore | Omnivore | Vegan | Vegetarian | Halal | Hindu | Kosher | Paleolithic diet | Raw vegan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fruits and berries | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Greens | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Vegetables | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Starchy vegetables | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Grains | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Poultry | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Fish (scaled) | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Seafood (non-fish) | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Beef | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Pork | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No |
| Eggs | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Dairy | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Nuts | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
See also
| Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Diet |
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Notes
- ^ noun, def 1 askoxford.com
- ^ An article about traditional diet
- ^ Good food 'boosts earning power', By Mark Doyle, 1 February 2008, BBC NEWS
- ^ , January 22, 2009, NPR
- ^ World Health Organization site on diet and physical activity
- ^ Diet, Nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases by a Joint WHO/FAO Expert consultation (2003)
- ^ U.S. government diet recommendations
Categories: Diets
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Thu, 22 Jul 2010 16:53:44 GMT+00:00
in the Fight Against HIV/AIDS Vatican Radio ... the United Nations' World Food Programme stressed the importance of nutrition for people living with HIV and AIDS, saying that without a healthy diet , ...
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Andrew Scrivani for The New York Times
Tsuyoshi Suzuki
hu, 18 Feb 2010 10:53:04 GM
One can experience a great deal of stomach weight loss simply by going on the same . diet. which Celiac Disease and gluten intolerant individuals eat. This includes all foods free of wheat, wheat gluten, rye and barley.
Q. I am starting a health/diet/nutrition/wei ght loss/exercise/etc website, because obesity is a growing problem in America and I want to help. I am a Biology major at Boston College and understand some of the biological aspects of nutrition and gaining fat. I have some ideas of what to put on the site, but if you were going to a website like this to try and lose weight/get in shape, what would you want? What would you want information on? Weight loss plans? Nutritional label reading guide? Incentives for losing weight? More information on metabolism and fat? Consequences of eating unhealthy food? Please give me any ideas that you have, and let me know if you think this would be a successful website.
Asked by Tim K - Fri Aug 17 10:34:01 2007 - - 4 Answers - 0 Comments
A. 1. Which weight loss supplements work, which don't, and why 2. Which major advertised weight loss plans work, which don't, and why 3. Shopping lists and menus/recipes for a weight loss plan that works 4. Skip the 'how to read a nutrition label' stuff. It's available everywhere. 5. Section debunking common myths 6. Exercise section with specifics. Include simple exercises (e.g., sit ups, push ups, jogging, walking) that people with ZERO equipment and/or gym access can do 7. Section addressing the dangers of eating disorders 8. A "community" section where weight-loss "buddies" can connect and encourage one another 9. "Blog" section where those using your plans can log their progress.
Answered by michele - Fri Aug 17 10:42:11 2007
